Introduction:
Born as Bhaganwala on September 26, 1907, Bhagat Singh emerged as a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement. Growing up in a petty-bourgeois family of Sandhu Jats in Punjab, he played a pivotal role during a crucial period bridging the ‘Extremism’ phase and the Gandhian era of nonviolent mass action.
Early Life and Education:
In 1923, Bhagat Singh enrolled at the National College, Lahore, founded by Lala Lajpat Rai and Bhai Parmanand. The college, an alternative to government-run institutions, embodied the spirit of Swadeshi. This marked the beginning of Bhagat Singh’s journey into the heart of the nationalist movement.
Involvement in Revolutionary Activities:
Joining the Hindustan Republican Association in 1924, Bhagat Singh delved into the philosophy of armed revolution. Revolutionary Bhagwati Charan Vohra’s article, “Philosophy of the Bomb,” influenced him deeply. Over time, he authored crucial political documents, including the Manifesto of Naujawan Sabha and the Manifesto of HSRA, emphasizing armed resistance against British imperialism.
Formation of Naujawan Bharat Sabha:
Returning to Lahore in 1925, Bhagat Singh, along with his colleagues, established the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, a militant youth organization. Collaborating with Sohan Singh Josh, he connected with the ‘Workers and Peasants Party,’ contributing to the Punjabi magazine Kirti.
Shift to HSRA:
In 1928, Bhagat Singh transformed the Hindustan Republican Association into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). However, the collapse of HSRA followed Azad’s death in 1930.
Lahore Conspiracy Case:
In retaliation for Lala Lajpat Rai’s death, Bhagat Singh and associates plotted the assassination of James A. Scott, Superintendent of Police. Tragically, J.P. Saunders was mistakenly killed in the Lahore Conspiracy case (1929).
Central Legislative Assembly Bombing:
Protesting against repressive bills in 1929, Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly. Their aim was not to kill but to make the government aware of its callous exploitation. Surrendering after the act, they were awarded life imprisonment.
Execution and Martyrdom:
Re-arrested for the murder of J.P. Saunders, Bhagat Singh was found guilty and hanged on March 23, 1931, in Lahore, along with Sukhdev and Rajguru. Every year, March 23 is observed as Martyrs’ Day to honor these fearless freedom fighters.
Conclusion:
Bhagat Singh’s life symbolizes unwavering courage and commitment to the cause of India’s independence. His legacy continues to inspire generations, reminding us of the sacrifices made by these valiant individuals in the pursuit of freedom.
